How to Think Critically and Problem Solve

think critically The quote by Jean De La Bruyere: "Life is a tragedy for those who feel, and a comedy for those who think," may seem a bit radical, however, according to the premise of cognitive psychology, what you think is what you feel. While many people believe that your feelings precede, or are independent of your thoughts, the truth is that your feelings are products of your thoughts. This revelation can be both daunting and liberating. Daunting because it makes us responsible for our attitudes and liberating because we have the power to choose our perspective, mood and thoughts. When we are aware that we can choose and direct our thinking, we realize that we have the ability to better control the circumstances of our lives, improve our decision-making processes and generally live more productive lives. This in no way suggests that we need downplay the many feelings and emotions we as humans enjoy, it's a simply a way for us to manage and balance them with our cognitive abilities. We are thinking critically and in a problem solving mindset when we: Rely on reason rather than emotion Evaluate a broad range of viewpoints and perspectives Maintain an open mind to alternative interpretations Accept new evidence, explanations and findings Are willing to reassess information Can put aside personal prejudices and biases Consider all reasonable possibilities Avoid hasty judgments Like any other skill, learning to think critically or problem-solve takes time, perseverance and practice. Knowing which steps to take and how to apply them helps us master the process. Steps to Critical Thinking As It Relates To Problem Solving: 1.dentify the Problem. The first task is to determine if a problem exists. Sometimes when you think this point through, you may come to the conclusion that there really isn't a problem, just a misunderstanding. If that's the case, fine. If not, and you determine that there is indeed a problem, you need to identify exactly what it is. According to Barry Lubetkin, a New York clinical psychologist, how systematically someone weighs the pros and cons of a problem and how clearly the person can define and state it, is also an indication of highly developed intelligence. 2. Analyze the problem, look at it from different angles. Once you've determined the problem, analyze it by looking at it from a variety of perspectives. Is it solvable? Is it real or perceived? Can you solve it alone or do you need help? Sometimes by looking at it from many angles you can come up with a resolution right away. You may also reveal a bias or narrow point of view that needs to be broadened 3. Brainstorm and come up with a several possible solutions. Problems can be solved in many ways. Brainstorm a list of several possible solutions. Put down anything that comes to mind and then go over the list and narrow it down to the best possibilities. Having several viable options leads to obtaining the best results. 4. Decide which solution fits the situation best. Go over your list of possible solutions. Different situations call for different solutions. Quite often what works in one situation, may not work in a similar one. Take time to determine what will work best for the problem at hand. One solution usually does not fit all. 5.Take action. Implement your solution. Every problem has a solution; even if it is to accept the situation and move on. Instead of approaching problems and challenges as insurmountable obstacles, we can view them as opportunities to hone our critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Every problem we are able to resolve increases increases self-confidence and self-worth. Thinking critically not only helps us handle future challenges more skillfully, it also broadens our life experience and helps us gain perspective.

HOW TO THINK BY YOURSELF

Do you think for yourself? In these times of fast media and ever-growing Internet we are under so many external influences that it can be difficult to know when we are thinking for ourselves. Unless you are a discerning, very aware person, you most likely don't even know when your thinking is not your own. Not that all outside influence is bad or detrimental to forming your own views, but being unable to think for yourself can make you miserable at best, or a puppet of someone else's programming, at worst. Admittedly, we are all born into societies or cultures where the norms and customs are already established. For the most part, we have little choice but to conform to what is already in place. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however, it can be confining and controlling if we accept everything blindly and never question the status quo. Does this mean all of your ideas can be original and unlike everyone else's? Not at all! Nor does it require being contrary and argumentative just to be defiant or stand out. To think for yourself means that whatever opinions you hold will be well thought out and come from a position of thorough investigation and thoughtful analysis. It means choosing to not compromise the facts for the sake of consensus or fitting in. It is not unlike critical thinking - it just encompasses a broader scope of choices and decision-making in your life. As an example, how many of us feel the need to keep up with 'the latest'? We wear clothes, listen to music and follow trends that the media tells us we should in order to be cool. Marketing companies create ads that hypnotize us into a herd mentality as we fall into debt, wear fashions that are unbecoming, and get caught up in a cycle of over-spending, over-consuming and then stressing out over it. Before we realize it, we are living lives designed for us by the powers that be and without our conscious participation. Another trap we fall into when we don't think for ourselves is groupthink. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis in 1972, is a psychological phenomenon that takes place within a group of people who try to avoid conflict and reach agreement without critically evaluating options or alternative ideas. The problem with groupthink is that it hinders finding the best solutions, impedes creative ideas and thwarts independent thinking. Wanting to be part of the crowd can certainly have its drawbacks! So how can you cultivate the ability to think for yourself? Tips on how to think for yourself: Develop a strong sense of self. Know who you are, what you want and what is best for you. Do not let others, especially marketing companies and the media, tell you how you should look, feel and act. Do what is best for you. Cultivate your own tastes and enjoy your preferences. Be well-informed. Gather as much information about a subject as possible before forming an opinion. Build your mental resources by reading, observing, and listening for yourself. Then take time to reflect and evaluate. Be flexible. Look for solutions and outcomes to a situation from as many perspectives as you can. Determine the pros and cons. Are there other possibilities? Whom might it harm/benefit? What are the potential consequences? Identify possible biases. Are you being unduly influenced by your culture, upbringing or other people's opinions? Are you being fair and open-minded? Many times we make poor decisions because we begin with the wrong premise. If we take time to evaluate and judge based upon what we observe first hand rather than what we've been lead to believe, we can arrive at a more appropriate and practical conclusion. Do not buckle under pressure, fear, or guilt. Have the courage to stand up for what you really believe and have deduced yourself. If you go along with the crowd for the sake of keeping peace, avoiding confrontation, or fear of failure, you do everyone a disservice, especially yourself. You may have a brilliant idea, or maybe it happens to be the right thing to do. If no one hears about it, a healthy discussion cannot take place and all possibilities will not be considered. A good idea has the potential to evolve into a better one with input from a variety of sources. The Benefits of thinking for yourself:think You develop self-confidence and trust in your abilities You attain a greater sense of accomplishment You expand your mind and boost your brain power You gain respect from others by standing up for what you believe in and by being original You are more aware and alert to what the media is trying to sell you You are more open to self-improvement and alternative viewpoints You are more interesting to others by expanding their thinking and options You are NOT thinking for yourself when: ✓ You let others, the media, or convention sway you from doing what's right for you. ✓ You buy into negative, one-dimensional stereotypes based on sex, race or culture. ✓ You do something because it has always been done that way - even if it no longer works. ✓ You follow old wives' tales, superstitions or fallacies that defy common sense. ✓ You don't take time to think things through carefully and fully. As you may have already concluded, thinking for yourself is not easy. It requires deliberate, mindful and at times courageous application, however the personal rewards are endlessly gratifying. In the words of John Stuart Mill: "Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think."

ADAB DALAM PEMAKAIAN

Sewajarnya seseorang itu memakai pakaian yang sesuai kerana pakaian sopan dan menutup aurat adalah cermin seseorang itu Muslim sebenar ISLAM tidak menetapkan bentuk atau warna pakaian untuk dipakai, baik ketika beribadah atau di luar ibadat. Islam hanya menetapkan bahawa pakaian itu mestilah bersih, menutup aurat, sopan dan sesuai dengan akhlak seorang Muslim. ISLAM tidak menetapkan fesyen pakaian tetapi perlu mematuhi garis panduan dan menutup aurat. Di dalam Islam ada garis panduan tersendiri mengenai adab berpakaian (untuk lelaki dan wanita) iaitu: 1. Menutup aurat AURAT lelaki menurut ahli hukum ialah daripada pusat hingga ke lutut. Aurat wanita pula ialah seluruh anggota badannya, kecuali wajah, tapak tangan dan tapak kakinya. Rasulullah SAW bersabda bermaksud: “Paha itu adalah aurat.” (Bukhari) 2. Tidak menampakkan tubuh PAKAIAN yang jarang sehingga menampakkan aurat tidak memenuhi syarat menutup aurat. Pakaian jarang bukan saja menampak warna kulit, malah boleh merangsang nafsu orang yang melihatnya. Rasulullah SAW bersabda yang bermaksud: “Dua golongan ahli neraka yang belum pernah aku lihat ialah, satu golongan memegang cemeti seperti ekor lembu yang digunakan bagi memukul manusia dan satu golongan lagi wanita yang memakai pakaian tetapi telanjang dan meliuk-liukkan badan juga kepalanya seperti bonggol unta yang tunduk. Mereka tidak masuk syurga dan tidak dapat mencium baunya walaupun bau syurga itu dapat dicium daripada jarak yang jauh.” (Muslim) 3. Pakaian tidak ketat TUJUANNYA adalah supaya tidak kelihatan bentuk tubuh badan 4. Tidak menimbulkan riak RASULULLAH SAW bersabda bermaksud: “Sesiapa yang melabuhkan pakaiannya kerana perasaan sombong, Allah SWT tidak akan memandangnya pada hari kiamat.” Dalam hadis lain, Rasulullah SAW bersabda bermaksud: “Sesiapa yang memakai pakaian yang berlebih-lebihan, maka Allah akan memberikan pakaian kehinaan pada hari akhirat nanti.” (Ahmad, Abu Daud, an-Nasa’iy dan Ibnu Majah) 5. Lelaki, wanita berbeza MAKSUDNYA pakaian yang khusus untuk lelaki tidak boleh dipakai oleh wanita, begitu juga sebaliknya. Rasulullah SAW mengingatkan hal ini dengan tegas menerusi sabdanya yang bermaksud: “Allah mengutuk wanita yang meniru pakaian dan sikap lelaki, dan lelaki yang meniru pakaian dan sikap perempuan.” (Bukhari dan Muslim) Baginda juga bersabda bermaksud: “Allah melaknat lelaki berpakaian wanita dan wanita berpakaian lelaki.” – (Abu Daud dan Al-Hakim). 6. Larangan pakai sutera ISLAM mengharamkan kaum lelaki memakai sutera. Rasulullah SAW bersabda bermaksud: “Janganlah kamu memakai sutera, sesungguhnya orang yang memakainya di dunia tidak dapat memakainya di akhirat.” (Muttafaq ‘alaih) 7. Melabuhkan pakaian CONTOHNYA seperti tudung yang seharusnya dipakai sesuai kehendak syarak iaitu bagi menutupi kepala dan rambut, tengkuk atau leher dan juga dada. Allah berfirman bermaksud: “Wahai Nabi, katakanlah (suruhlah) isteri-isteri dan anak-anak perempuanmu serta perempuan-perempuan beriman, supaya mereka melabuhkan pakaiannya bagi menutup seluruh tubuhnya (semasa mereka keluar); cara yang demikian lebih sesuai untuk mereka dikenal (sebagai perempuan yang baik-baik) maka dengan itu mereka tidak diganggu. Dan (ingatlah) Allah adalah Maha Pengampun dan Maha Penyayang.” – (al-Ahzab:59) 8. Memilih warna sesuai CONTOHNYA warna-warna lembut termasuk putih kerana ia nampak bersih dan warna ini sangat disenangi dan sering menjadi pilihan Rasulullah SAW. Baginda bersabda bermaksud: “Pakailah pakaian putih kerana ia lebih baik, dan kafankan mayat kamu dengannya (kain putih).” (an-Nasa’ie dan al-Hakim) 9. Larangan memakai emas TERMASUK dalam etika berpakaian di dalam Islam ialah barang-barang perhiasan emas seperti rantai, cincin dan sebagainya. Bentuk perhiasan seperti ini umumnya dikaitkan dengan wanita namun pada hari ini ramai antara para lelaki cenderung untuk berhias seperti wanita sehingga ada yang sanggup bersubang dan berantai. Semua ini amat bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda bermaksud: “Haram kaum lelaki memakai sutera dan emas, dan dihalalkan (memakainya) kepada wanita.” 10. Mulakan sebelah kanan APABILA memakai baju, seluar atau seumpamanya, mulakan sebelah kanan. Imam Muslim meriwayatkan daripada Saidatina Aisyah bermaksud: “Rasulullah suka sebelah kanan dalam segala keadaan, seperti memakai kasut, berjalan kaki dan bersuci.” Apabila memakai kasut atau seumpamanya, mulakan dengan sebelah kanan dan apabila menanggalkannya, mulakan dengan sebelah kiri. Rasulullah SAW bersabda bermaksud: “Apabila seseorang memakai kasut, mulakan dengan sebelah kanan, dan apabila menanggalkannya, mulakan dengan sebelah kiri supaya yang kanan menjadi yang pertama memakai kasut dan yang terakhir menanggalkannya.” (Riwayat Muslim). 11. Selepas beli pakaian APABILA memakai pakaian baru dibeli, ucapkanlah seperti yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Daud dan At-Tarmizi yang bermaksud: “Ya Allah, segala puji bagi-Mu, Engkau yang memakainya kepadaku, aku memohon kebaikannya dan kebaikan apa-apa yang dibuat baginya, aku mohon perlindungan kepada-Mu daripada kejahatannya dan kejahatan apa-apa yang diperbuat untuknya. Demikian itu telah datang daripada Rasulullah”. 12. Berdoa KETIKA menanggalkan pakaian, lafaz- kanlah: “Pujian kepada Allah yang mengurniakan pakaian ini untuk menutupi auratku dan dapat mengindahkan diri dalam kehidupanku, dengan nama Allah yang tiada Tuhan melainkan Dia.” Sebagai seorang Islam, sewajarnya seseorang itu memakai pakaian yang sesuai menurut tuntutan agamanya kerana sesungguhnya pakaian yang sopan dan menutup aurat adalah cermin seorang Muslim yang sebenar. – Sumbangan Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (Jakim).

KISAH SEHELAI DAUN

Kisah Sehelai Daun.. Di sebatang pohon kecil, hiduplah beberapa daun yang tumbuh bersama. Diantara daun-daun tersebut terdapat sebuah daun yang sangat besar dan kuat. Daun itu diagung-agungkan kerana kekuatannya. Dialah yang dianggap pelindung bagi daun-daun lainnya dari badai, hujan, panas matahari yang terik, dan bahaya lainnya. Suatu ketika datanglah musim kemarau yang panjang. Daun-daun di pohon kecil itu mulai layu kerana tidak mendapat air dan makanan. Daun besar yang tadinya kuat dan besar mulai terlihat layu. Ia berusaha melindungi daun-daun lain dari matahari yang bersinar sangat terik supaya daun – daun kecil sahabatnya itu tidak kehilangan air lebih banyak lagi. Hari berganti hari, daun besar itu sudah sampai pada puncak usahanya. Ia mulai carik – carik sehingga sinar matahari mulai menembusnya. Ia mulai kehilangan kekuatannya dan daun-daun lainnya pun sudah mulai mengabaikannya kerana ia tidak kuat lagi seperti dulu. Beberapa hari kemudian daun besar itu merasa tidak kuat lagi akhirnya ia berkata kepada sahabat – sahabatnya : “Sahabat – sahabat aku tidak lagi mempunyai kekuatan untuk melindungi kamu, aku akan gugur. Selamat tinggal”. Setelah berkata demikian akhirnya daun besar itu pun gugurlah. Musim kemarau terus berlanjutan, daun-daun di pohon kecil itu saling bertahan untuk hidup. Mereka sama sekali sudah melupakan daun besar yang telah berjasa melindungi mereka sehingga mereka dapat bertahan sampai sekarang. Musim kemarau tidak juga berakhir. Daun-daun di pohon kecil itu sudah mulai kehilangan harapan. Mereka merasa sangat kelaparan, kehausan dan akan mati. Di saat mereka putus asa, tiba tiba dirasakan adanya air dan makanan dari tanah. Mereka semua kehairanan akan adanya keajaiban itu. Setelah lama tercari-cari, mereka menyedarinya. Mereka melihat bahawa daun besar itu sudah mereput dan menghasilkan air dan makanan bagi mereka. Akhirnya dengan air dan makanan dari daun besar tadi, daun daun di pohon kecil itu berjaya bertahan sehingga musim hujan datang. Daun-daun di pohon kecil itu sangat menyesal kerana telah melupakan daun besar itu. Padahal sampai akhir hayatnya daun besar itu tetap menjadi penyelamat untuk daun-daun lain. “…Janganlah menilai seseorang dengan penampilan dan kekuatannya. Tuhan memberikan bantuan kepada kita melalui sesiapa sahaja Bahkan melalui orang yang kita anggap telah jatuh dan hina. Ingatlah rencana Tuhan itu ajaib dan tidak memilih kasih terhadap semua hambanya…”